Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd U.S. President

Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd U.S. President President Franklin D. Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945) led the United States during the Great Depression and World War II. Paralyzed from the waist down after suffering a bout of polio, Roosevelt overcame his disability and was elected president of the United States an unprecedented four times. Fast Facts: Franklin Delano Roosevelt Known For: Served four terms as president of the United States during the Great Depression and World War IIAlso Known As: FDRBorn: January 30, 1882 in Hyde Park, New YorkParents: James Roosevelt and Sara Ann DelanoDied: April 12, 1945 in Warm Springs, GeorgiaEducation: Harvard University and Columbia University Law SchoolSpouse: Eleanor RooseveltChildren: Anna, James, Elliott, Franklin,  JohnNotable Quote: â€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.† Early Years Franklin D. Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882, at his familys estate, Springwood, in Hyde Park, New York, as the only child of his wealthy parents, James Roosevelt and Sara Ann Delano. James Roosevelt, who had been married once before and had a son (James Roosevelt Jr.) from his first marriage, was an elderly father (he was 53 when Franklin was born). Franklins mother Sara was only 27 when he was born and doted on her only child. Until she died in 1941 (just four years before Franklins death), Sara played a very influential role in her sons life, a role that some describe as controlling and possessive. Franklin D. Roosevelt spent his early years at his family home in Hyde Park. Since he was tutored at home and traveled extensively with his family, Roosevelt did not spend much time with others his age. In 1896 at age 14, Roosevelt was sent for his first formal schooling at the Groton School, a prestigious preparatory boarding school in Groton, Massachusetts. While there, Roosevelt was an average student. College and Marriage Roosevelt entered Harvard University in 1900. Only a few months into his first year, his father died. During his college years, Roosevelt became very active with the school newspaper, The Harvard Crimson, and became its managing editor in 1903. That same year, Roosevelt got engaged to his fifth cousin once removed, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (Roosevelt was her maiden name as well as her married one). Franklin and Eleanor were married two years later, on St. Patricks Day, March 17, 1905. Over the next 11 years, they had six children, although only five lived past infancy. Early Political Career In 1905, Franklin D. Roosevelt entered Columbia Law School but left once he passed the New York State Bar exam in 1907. He worked for a few years in the New York law firm of Carter, Ledyard, and Milburn. He was asked in 1910 to run as a Democrat for the State Senate seat from Duchess County, New York. Although Roosevelt had grown up in Duchess County, the seat had long been held by Republicans. Despite the odds against him, Roosevelt won the Senate seat in 1910 and then again in 1912. Roosevelts career as a state senator was cut short in 1913 when he was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson as the assistant secretary of the Navy. This position became even more important when the United States began making preparations to join in World War I. Franklin D. Roosevelt Runs for Vice President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to rise in politics like his fifth cousin (and Eleanors uncle), President Theodore Roosevelt. Even though Franklin D. Roosevelts political career looked very promising, however, he did not win every election. In 1920, Roosevelt was chosen as the vice presidential candidate on the Democratic ticket with James M. Cox. FDR and Cox lost the election. Having lost, Roosevelt decided to take a short break from politics and re-enter the business world. Just a few months later, Roosevelt got sick. Polio Strikes In the summer of 1921, Franklin D. Roosevelt and his family took a vacation to their summer home on Campobello Island, off the coast of Maine and New Brunswick, Canada. On August 10, 1921, after a day spent outdoors, Roosevelt began to feel weak. He went to bed early but woke up the next day much worse, with a high fever and with weakness in his legs. By August 12, 1921, he could no longer stand. Eleanor called a number of doctors to come and see FDR, but it wasnt until August 25 that Dr. Robert Lovett diagnosed him with poliomyelitis (i.e. polio). Before the vaccine was created in 1955, polio was an unfortunately common virus that, in its most severe form, could cause paralysis. At age 39, Roosevelt had lost the use of both of his legs. (In 2003, researchers decided it was likely that Roosevelt had Guillain-Barre syndrome rather than polio.) Roosevelt refused to be limited by his disability. To overcome his lack of mobility, Roosevelt had steel leg braces created that could be locked into an upright position to keep his legs straight. With the leg braces on under his clothes, Roosevelt could stand and slowly walk with the aid of crutches and a friends arm. Without the use of his legs, Roosevelt needed extra strength in his upper torso and arms. By swimming nearly every day, Roosevelt could move in and out of his wheelchair as well as up stairs. Roosevelt even had his car adapted to his disability by installing hand controls rather than foot pedals so that he could sit behind the wheel and drive. Despite the paralysis, Roosevelt kept his humor and charisma. Unfortunately, he also still had pain. Always looking for ways to soothe his discomfort, Roosevelt found a health spa in 1924 that seemed to be one of the very few things that could ease his pain. Roosevelt found such comfort there that in 1926 he bought it. At this spa in Warm Springs, Georgia, Roosevelt subsequently built a house (known as the Little White House) and established a polio treatment center to help other polio patients. Governor of New York In 1928, Franklin D. Roosevelt was asked to run for governor of New York. While he wanted back into politics, FDR had to determine whether or not his body was strong enough to withstand a gubernatorial campaign. In the end, he decided he could do it. Roosevelt won the election in 1928 for governor of New York and then won again in 1930. Franklin D. Roosevelt was now following a similar political path as his distant cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt, from the assistant secretary of the navy to governor of New York to the president of the United States. Underwood Archives / Getty Images Four-Term President During Roosevelts tenure as governor of New York, the Great Depression hit the United States. As average citizens lost their savings and their jobs, people became increasingly infuriated at the limited steps President Herbert Hoover was taking to solve this huge economic crisis. In the election of 1932, citizens were demanding change and FDR promised it to them. In a landslide election, Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidency. Before FDR became president, there was no limit to the number of terms a person could serve in the office. Up to this point, most presidents had limited themselves to serving a maximum of two terms, as set by the example of George Washington. However, in the time of need caused by the Great Depression and World War II, the people of the United States elected Franklin D. Roosevelt as president of the United States four consecutive times. Partly because of FDRs long stint as president, Congress created the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution which limited future presidents to a maximum of two terms (ratified in 1951). Roosevelt spent his first two terms as president taking steps to ease the U.S. out of the Great Depression. The first three months of his presidency were a whirlwind of activity, which has become known as the first hundred days. The New Deal that FDR offered to the American people began immediately after he took office. Within his first week, Roosevelt had declared a banking holiday in order to strengthen the banks and reestablish confidence in the banking system. FDR also quickly created the alphabet agencies (such as the AAA, CCC, FERA, TVA, and TWA) to help offer relief. On March 12, 1933, Roosevelt addressed the American people via the radio in what became the first of his presidential fireside chats. Roosevelt used these radio speeches to communicate with the public in order to instill confidence in the government and to calm citizens fears and worries. FDRs policies helped lessen the severity of the Great Depression but it did not solve it. It wasnt until World War II that the U.S. was finally out of the depression. Once World War II began in Europe, Roosevelt ordered an increased production of war machinery and supplies. When Pearl Harbor on Hawaii was attacked on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt answered the attack with his a date which will live in infamy speech and a formal declaration of war. FDR led the United States during World War II and was one of the Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) that led the Allies. In 1944, Roosevelt won his fourth presidential election; however, he did not live to finish it. Death On April 12, 1945, Roosevelt was sitting in a chair at his home in Warm Springs, Georgia, having his portrait painted by Elizabeth Shoumatoff, when he stated I have a terrific headache and then lost consciousness. He had suffered a massive cerebral hemorrhage at 1:15 p.m. Franklin D. Roosevelt was pronounced dead at 3:35 p.m. at age 63. Roosevelt, having led the United States during both the Great Depression and World War II, died less than one month before the end of the war in Europe. He was buried at his family home in Hyde Park. Legacy Roosevelt is often listed among the greatest presidents of the United States. A leader who guided the United States out of isolationism and into victory during World War II, he also created a New Deal that paved the path for an array of services to support Americas workers and poor. Roosevelt was also a major figure in the work that led to the creation of the League of Nations and, in later years, the United Nations. Sources â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt.† The White House, The United States Government.ï » ¿Freidel, Frank. â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 26 Jan. 2019.

Heres How to Calculate pH Values

Here's How to Calculate pH Values Heres a quick review of how to calculate pH and what pH means with respect to hydrogen ion concentration, acids, and bases. Key Takeaways pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a chemical solution is.Normally, pH runs from 0 to 14.A neutral pH value is 7. A value less than 7 is acidic, while a value greater than 7 is basic.The formula for pH is  pH -log[H]. This means pH is the negative base 10 logarithm (log on a calculator) of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. To calculate it, take the log of the hydrogen ion concentration and reverse the sign to get the answer. Review of Acids, Bases, and pH Formula There are several ways to define acids and bases, but pH only refers to hydrogen ion concentration and is only meaningful when applied to aqueous (water-based) solutions. When water dissociates it yields a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide. H2O ↔ H OH- When calculating pH, remember that [] refers to molarity, M. Molarity is expressed in units of moles of solute per liter of solution (not solvent). If you are given concentration in any other unit (mass percent, molality, etc.), convert it to molarity in order to use the pH formula. Using the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions, the following relationship results: Kw [H][OH-] 1x10-14 at 25 °Cfor pure water [H] [OH-] 1x10-7Acidic Solution: [H] 1x10-7Basic Solution: [H] 1x10-7 How to Calculate pH and [H] The equilibrium equation yields the following formula for pH: pH -log10[H][H] 10-pH In other words, pH is the negative log of the molar hydrogen ion concentration. Or, the molar hydrogen ion concentration equals 10 to the power of the negative pH value. Its easy to do this calculation on any scientific calculator because it will have a log button. This is not the same as the ln button, which refers to the natural logarithm. Example: Calculate the pH for a specific [H]. Calculate pH given [H] 1.4 x 10-5 M pH -log10[H]pH -log10(1.4 x 10-5)pH 4.85 Example: Calculate [H] from a known pH. Find [H] if pH 8.5 [H] 10-pH[H] 10-8.5[H] 3.2 x 10-9 M Example: Find the pH if the H concentration is 0.0001 moles per liter. pH -log[H]Here it helps to rewrite the concentration as 1.0 x 10-4 M because if you understand how logarithms work, this makes the formula: pH -(-4) 4 Or, you could simply use a calculator and take: pH - log (0.0001) 4 Usually, you arent given the hydrogen ion concentration in a problem but have to find it from a chemical reaction or acid concentration. Whether this is easy or not depends on whether youre dealing with a strong acid or a weak acid. Most problems asking for pH are for strong acids because they completely dissociate into their ions in water. Weak acids, on the other hand, only partially dissociate, so at equilibrium, a solution contains both the weak acid and the ions into which it dissociates. Example: Find the pH of a 0.03 M solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that dissociates according to a 1:1 molar ratio into hydrogen cations and chloride anions. So, the concentration of hydrogen ions is exactly the same as the concentration of the acid solution. [H 0.03 M pH - log (0.03)pH 1.5 pH and pOH You can easily use the pH value to calculate pOH if you recall: pH pOH 14 This is particularly useful if youre asked to find the pH of a base since youll usually solve for pOH rather than pH. Check Your Work When youre performing a pH calculation, its a good idea to make sure your answer makes sense. An acid should have a pH much less than 7 (usually 1 to 3), while a base has a high pH value (usually around 11 to 13). While its theoretically possible to calculate a negative pH, in practice pH values should be between 0 and 14. This, a pH higher than 14 indicates an error either in setting up the calculation or else using the calculator.

Advantages and disadvantages of Owning a Gun Essay - 6

Advantages and disadvantages of Owning a Gun - Essay Example Hence, this paper will answer the question â€Å"should gun control laws be made stricter in order to reduce ownership?† This will be done by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of having a large number of gun owners in the community with the aim of showing the number of gun owners should not increase. The key benefit of owning a gun is security and mainly self protection against violence (Peters 2013, p. 1). This could mean that when a potential attacker becomes aware that a potential victim has a gun, they might be deterred from committing the intended crime. Therefore, owning a gun contributes towards thwarting crime as they protect people against armed attackers. It may be argued that high gun prevalence contributes to decreasing burglaries and makes individuals more independent rather than depending on the support of the government. When homes do not own guns, it implies that an increased population will be powerless against criminal activities directed towards the m and strictly rely on federal, state or local authorities. When a population is disarmed, there is increased responsibility placed on the authorities to ensure the people are free from oppression. On the other hand, common knowledge shows that when more guns are given to law-abiding citizens who are trained in safe use and storage, the community would be less vulnerable to violent crime. Basically, the use or misuse of guns will be determined by the personal responsibility and individual choice of those who own guns (Collier 2013, p. 83).

Transaction Cost Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Transaction Cost Economics - Essay Example However, "TCE's main theme is that transactions -which differ in their attributes - are aligned with governance structures-which differ in their costs and competencies - in a discriminating, economizing way"- Roland F. Spekle (2001). It may be observed that some organizations use very extensive and formal planning to direct their efforts, whereas other organizations may not attach that much importance for planning. Similarly rules, procedures and standards dominate the working of some firms while individual judgments provide the basis of working in other firms. Although, these phenomena do not find any statutory explanation for such organisational behaviours, Management Control theory has come a long way in providing satisfactory explanations in this direction. On a similar footing "TCE studies organization from a comparative point of view in which different institutional arrangements are considered alternative ways to organize economic activity" - Roland F. Spekle (2001). TCE tries to explain the rationale behind the behaviour of an organization in getting some transactions executed within the same organization while some other transactions are getting outsourced. The TCE's reasoning to this specific attitude of the firms lies in the fact a specific institutional arrangement is chosen to govern a specific transaction because that arrangement offers some distinctive set of control devices. Another filed of economics which deals with the organisational behaviours is the Evolutionary theories which have a long tradition in the literatures of socio-economics and strategic management and have influenced recent studies of the evolution of management accounting systems. "A review of the literature of economic indicates that three main concepts are at the core of evolutionary thinking: institutionalization, capabilities and learning and change". - Alan F. Coad and John Cullen (2006). Thus Evolutionary Theories also centre on the basic concepts of organizational change s due to these three factors. This paper envisages describing the basics of Transaction Cost Economics and Evolutionary Theories, the nature of their relationships and their relative contribution to Management Accounting. 2.0 TRANSACTION COST ECONOMICS (TCE): Transaction Cost Economics is most associated with the work of Oliver Williamson. It must be emphasized that while Williamson's work is very distinctive, it falls well within mainstream economic thinking. It is sometimes said that TCE attempts to explain why firms exist. That is why there are some transactions directed by managers in the context of a hierarchy, as opposed to taking place in an open market. It's more accurate, though to say that TCE tries to explain the particular structure of a firm, most importantly, the extent to which it will integrate vertically. Williamson's theory is based on the assumption that the primary aim of firms is profit maximising and that involves cost minimization. He also tried to make distinction between transaction costs and production costs. Production costs are assumed to be those which are incurred to build and run an 'ideal business setup' and transaction costs are those incurred for departure from the ideal set up. As it is the fact that the existence of the 'ideal set up' requires a perfectly efficient market and the prerequisites of such a market are the factors like availability of full information to all the parties and perfect competition among other requirements. Departures from these idealistic set up can

Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Latin America - Essay Example The human population has changed and continues to change the landscape from natural to the cultural landscape in various ways. One of the significant ways that have seen a transformation of the landscape is through increasing agricultural activities. This has been intense especially with the rising human population. Humans have cut, cleared, and burned forest for agricultural activities (Erickson, n.d.). An example of human built landscape is the area next to Lake Titicaca (Erickson, n.d.). In this area, there have been heightened agricultural activities. In the last eight century, the environment in the basin has been changed into an artificial landscape (Erickson, n.d.). This has been mainly due to raised fields, terracing, and irrigation activities that are related to agriculture. The other factor that leads to change of landscape is clearing of forest. The region has witnessed a massive loss of forest cover for a long period. In fact, the region is noted to have the world’s highest loss of forest cover in the recent past (Pacheco et al., 2011). However, extensive forest transformation has been witnessed in the Amazon basin (Pacheco et al., 2011). As the authors note, huge population in the region relies on forest resources to support their livelihoods (Pacheco et al., 2011). The population also comprises of ranchers and farmers that continue to clear forest to create space for their activities. As a result, most of the land that was previously occupied by trees is left bare. The changing geography in the region has a profound impact on regional political future and institutions. One of the issues related to change is the rise in conflict between people, countries, and region in the area. For example, there has been increasing conflict over the use of resources such as those that come from the forest. On the other hand, failure to guard

SUEERIZE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SUEERIZE - Essay Example Xavantes have since then, perfectly secured themselves from outside attacks, though the nature is too difficult to cope with. The economic strength of a nation restricts the conservation. Poor countries are not very conscious about environment and generally look for technological advancement and education, food, health and safety. International agencies help poor countries unite their conservation programs with their economy. Organization of the â€Å"debt for nature swap† in 1987 helped Bolivia get $650,000 as debt for 160,000 sq m of forest. These days, the very area serves as a biposphere reserve. There is a complete ecosystem whose central zone is so carefully controlled that interference is not possible. Nonetheless, it is permissible to conduct research in the transition zone. In order to provide the ecosystem with complete security, a buffer zone is added. Such ecosystems in the whole world are above 250 in number.

George Patton's perception by German public Research Paper

George Patton's perception by German public - Research Paper Example The Second World War was the highest point of his military culmination in his life. He did not fight due to any principle nor did he fight because he wanted freedom, he simply fought because he loved to fight. During his early life, he had fear of flunking out of the West Point due to terrified prospect since he was sure that he could not make anything better than being a general. Thesis General Patton was the most outstanding, the most daring, original, and honest allied general in the history. General Patton had an account of superb fiery in integrity, intelligence, was exceptionally brave and feared no authority (Patton 254). He realized great successes, which ultimately made him a legend of his time. For his demise, General Patton was murdered by what translated to be commercial assassinators from the office of the Strategic Services. Germans perception towards George Patton General George S. Patton, the commander of America’s third army, became the military governor of th e greater portion of Germany occupied by Americans. He had qualification to become the field commander and suited for higher command in the strategic planning (Patton 287). These were the assumptions of Germans but Patton corrected them as he emerged as a superior leader of the European theater during the Second World War (Rice 184). ... Patton, according to Germans, gave his understanding and apprehensions for the future of the nation to his acquaintances and government officials (Brown 346). He bitterly disagreed with the fearful danger posed by the Soviet Union several months before the end of the Second World War. He supported the idea of having his army held back to wait for the Red Army to occupy the vast stretches of Germany. According to Germans, George Patton was a colorful military leader in the 20th century and is the most much-written-about American general. He was the most outstanding, original and the most honest allied general of the Second World War. He has credit of an account of being fiery of integrity, brilliant and exceptionally brave (Hirshon 97). Patton realized a lot of success during his regime, which made him a legend of his lifetime. The true person of General Patton Characteristics of Patton depicted him as a contradictory man. He had a unique brand of leadership, a role he cultivated and fully exercised. Patton managed to get a supreme effort from the fellow military men. As a leader, Patton was exceptional. His character explains his treatment for men. He was always considerate to those who were wounded during a battle but he was merciless to those who could not stand the horrible strains of the war imposed upon them. Patton did not comprehend that other people did not like his passion for violence. This character of violence was very evident in the life of Patton. Patton had immense talents and natural ability; hence, he could antagonize everybody within his reach. He also had a lovable characteristic of turning on his subordinates once they surpassed him in their careers. Patton demonstrated fear and respect for the higher compliment. Despite his